All Important Articles of Indian Constitution

by May 09, 2026
All Important Articles of Indian Constitution
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The Indian Constitution is the longest written constitution in the world. It originally had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. As of now, it has around 448 articles in 25 parts and 12 schedules

1. Parts of the Constitution (Overview)
  • Part I: Union and its Territory (Articles 1–4)
  • Part II: Citizenship (Articles 5–11)
  • Part III: Fundamental Rights (Articles 12–35)
  • Part IV: Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) (Articles 36–51)
  • Part IV-A: Fundamental Duties (Article 51A)
  • Part V: The Union (Articles 52–151) — President, Parliament, etc.
  • Part VI: The States (Articles 152–237)
  • Part IX: Panchayats (Articles 243–243O)
  • Part IX-A: Municipalities (Articles 243P–243ZG)
  • Part XV: Elections (Articles 324–329A)
  • Part XVIII: Emergency Provisions (Articles 352–360)
  • Part XX: Amendment of the Constitution (Article 368)

2. Most Important Articles (Themed List)

Union and Territory + Citizenship

  • Article 1: Name and territory of the Union (India, that is Bharat, is a Union of States).
  • Article 2: Admission or establishment of new States.
  • Article 3: Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries, or names of existing States.
  • Article 5–11: Citizenship provisions (at commencement and Parliament’s power to regulate).
Fundamental Rights (Part III) — Heart of the Constitution
  • Article 12: Definition of “State” (for enforcement of FRs).
  • Article 13: Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of Fundamental Rights (judicial review).
  • Article 14: Equality before the law and equal protection of laws.
  • Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
  • Article 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
  • Article 17: Abolition of Untouchability.
  • Article 19: Protection of certain rights (freedom of speech & expression, assembly, association, movement, residence, profession).
  • Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offences (no ex-post facto laws, double jeopardy, self-incrimination).
  • Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty (expanded by judiciary to include right to privacy, dignity, livelihood, etc.).
  • Article 21A: Right to Education (added by 86th Amendment).
  • Article 22: Protection against arrest and detention.
  • Article 23–24: Right against Exploitation (trafficking, forced labour, child labour).
  • Article 25–28: Freedom of Religion.
  • Article 29–30: Cultural and Educational Rights (minorities).
  • Article 32: Right to Constitutional Remedies (heart and soul of the Constitution; writs in Supreme Court).

Note: Right to Property was originally Article 31 (FR); now it is a legal right under Article 300A.

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) — Non-justiciable but fundamental to governance
  • Article 38: Secure social order for welfare of people.
  • Article 39: Certain principles of policy (equal pay, distribution of resources, etc.).
  • Article 39A: Equal justice and free legal aid.
  • Article 40: Organisation of village panchayats.
  • Article 43: Living wage for workers.
  • Article 44: Uniform Civil Code.
  • Article 45: Provision for early childhood care and education (now linked to 21A).
  • Article 46: Promotion of educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and weaker sections.
  • Article 48A: Protection of environment and wildlife.
Fundamental Duties (Article 51A)

Added by 42nd Amendment (11 duties — respect Constitution, promote harmony, protect environment, etc.).

The Union (Executive, Legislature, Judiciary)
  • Article 52–62: President of India (election, qualifications, impeachment — Article 61).
  • Article 63–71: Vice-President.
  • Article 72: Pardoning powers of President.
  • Article 74: Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President (Prime Minister is real executive).
  • Article 76: Attorney General of India.
  • Article 79–122: Parliament (composition — 80 & 81 for Rajya Sabha & Lok Sabha, sessions, money bills — 110, ordinances — 123).
  • Article 124–147: Supreme Court (establishment, jurisdiction, etc.).
  • Article 148–151: Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG).

States

  • Article 153–167: Governor and State Executive.
  • Article 213: Governor’s ordinance-making power.
  • Article 214–237: High Courts.

Local Governance

  • Article 243–243O: Panchayati Raj (73rd Amendment).
  • Article 243P–243ZG: Municipalities (74th Amendment).

Elections & Constitutional Bodies

  • Article 324: Election Commission of India (superintendence, direction, control of elections).
  • Article 326: Adult suffrage.
  • Article 338: National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
  • Article 340: Commission for backward classes.

Emergency & Amendment

  • Article 352: National Emergency (war/external aggression/army rebellion).
  • Article 356: President’s Rule (failure of constitutional machinery in State).
  • Article 360: Financial Emergency.
  • Article 368: Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution (basic structure doctrine applies).

Other Key Articles

  • Article 280: Finance Commission.
  • Article 300A: Right to Property (legal right).
  • Article 343: Official language of the Union (Hindi).
  • Article 370 (abrogated): Special provisions for Jammu & Kashmir (historically important).
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